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Field Day Participation Survey
by WARREN MYERS 29 Apr '25

29 Apr '25

Hello SBARC Members and Friends, Field day is two months away. And, we are in good shape for our event - Chase Palm Field permit is secure, radios, antennas, dc power equipment ready. Now, all we need is you! Please take just a few minutes to complete the survey via the attached Google Forms link. Sincerely, The SBARC Field Day Team https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfriCnGKqJlc7giBH9OtFzvd5D1vdEPGHh… SBARC 2025 Field Day Participation Survey docs.google.com

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Fwd: Vic Trace Reservoir Replacement Project Community Workshop
by WARREN MYERS 25 Apr '25

25 Apr '25

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From The ARRL Letter for April 17, 2025
by Marvin Johnston 17 Apr '25

17 Apr '25

Some older SBARC members may remember Wayne as he gave IIRC a couple of programs at some SBARC meetings. This notice was posted on The ARRL Letter for April 17, 2025\ *Overbeck, N6NB, passed away Saturday April 12, 2025*. He was 82 years old. Overbeck held an Amateur Extra-class license and was active in amateur radio for over 68 years. He served four terms as an elected ARRL Vice Director, from 1984 to 1993, and was also chairman of the ARRL Contest Advisory Committee during the 1970s and an ARRL Life Member. Overbeck had many passions, and his longest-standing one was amateur radio. Wayne’s first station started in his childhood bedroom in Manhattan Beach, California, then into numerous vehicles, toolboxes, suitcases, etc. He invented the Quagi <https://arrl.informz.net/z/cjUucD9taT0zMzEyMTQ0JnA9MSZ1PTUyMDUyNzY1NSZsaT0z…> antenna and won many awards for his service and contributions to amateur radio, as well as his record-high scores in contesting. Overbeck was an accomplished journalist, communications law professor, lawyer, real estate broker, 20-year author of a widely-adopted textbook, pilot, sailor, cabin-builder, computer programmer, and amateur radio engineer. More details about his life and career can be found on his Facebook <https://arrl.informz.net/z/cjUucD9taT0zMzEyMTQ0JnA9MSZ1PTUyMDUyNzY1NSZsaT0z…> page.

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Fwd: [arrlsb] Protect Amateur Radio
by WARREN MYERS 09 Apr '25

09 Apr '25

> Begin forwarded message: > > From: "Robert Hanson - W6RH via groups.io" <w6rh=hotmail.com(a)groups.io> > Subject: [arrlsb] Protect Amateur Radio > Date: April 9, 2025 at 8:36:14 AM PDT > To: main(a)arrlsb.groups.io > Resent-From: w6rh(a)hotmail.com > Reply-To: main@arrlsb.groups.io,w6rh@hotmail.com > > April 11th (Friday) is the last day to submit comments to the FCC. Help us protect the bands! > Under a new deregulation mandate, the FCC is soliciting public input on rules that may be deemed outdated or unnecessary. If amateur radio frequencies are seen as underutilized or commercially valuable, they could be auctioned off to corporate interests, permanently limiting our ability to operate. > Please visit the website to sign our petition and make a comment directly to the FCC about protecting our airwaves. > https://hamadvocate.org/ > > The Threat: FCC Deregulation > Under a new deregulation mandate, the FCC is soliciting public input on rules that may be deemed outdated or unnecessary. If amateur radio frequencies are seen as underutilized or commercially valuable, they could be auctioned off to corporate interests, permanently limiting our ability to operate. > > Why This Matters > Amateur radio may seem antiquated, but its unique capabilities make it irreplaceable in certain scenarios. Here’s why preserving these frequencies is crucial: > Emergency Communications: When natural disasters take out cell towers and internet infrastructure, ham radio remains operational. Examples: > During Hurricane Katrina, amateur radio operators provided vital communication links <https://hamadvocate.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hurricane-Katrina.pdf> when all other systems failed. > In the aftermath of Hurricane Maria, ham radio operators were instrumental in relaying messages from Puerto Rico when conventional communications were disrupted. > During Hurricane Harvey, ham radio operators sprung into action to set up temporary communication networks when cell phones failed <https://www.lastwire.ca/the-surprising-role-of-ham-radio-in-disaster-respon…>. > Ham radio operators volunteer with their own equipment to help their friends and neighbors by setting up emergency communication systems <https://emergencyservices.westchestergov.com/information-and-alerts/amateur…>. > STEM Education & Innovation: Ham radio is a gateway into engineering, physics, and communications. > NASA collaborates with amateur radio operators <https://www.nasa.gov/general/science-on-station-november-2023/> to enable astronauts to communicate directly with students on Earth, inspiring interest in science and technology careers. > The ARISS program <https://www.ariss.org/> allows students worldwide to engage in direct communication with ISS crew members, fostering interest in STEM fields. > National Security & Disaster Preparedness: Amateur radio provides decentralized, independent communication that cannot be easily disrupted by cyberattacks or infrastructure failures. > The Department of Homeland Security recognizes amateur radio as a critical backup for emergency communications. > Ham networks have supported military and intelligence operations <https://www.domesticpreparedness.com/articles/unleashing-the-power-of-amate…> when other communication lines were compromised. > Survivalists <https://offgridsurvival.com/hamradio-2/> rely on ham radios for emergency preparedness. > Community Service & Public Events: Ham operators provide free communication support for public safety efforts. > Large-scale events like marathons and parades rely on ham radio volunteers to coordinate safety and logistics. > During wildfires and other emergencies, hams have been instrumental in relaying evacuation orders when official channels were down <https://emergencyservices.westchestergov.com/information-and-alerts/amateur…>. > International Disaster Response & Global Connectivity: > After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, amateur radio operators provided essential communication links in affected regions where infrastructure was destroyed. > During the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China, ham radio operators were among the first to establish emergency communications, aiding in relief efforts. > Reliable Communication in Rural and Remote Areas: > In Alaska, many off-grid communities rely on amateur radio for essential communication where there is no access to cellular networks. > Sailors, mountaineers, and researchers depend on ham radio for long-range communication in extreme environments, ensuring safety and coordination. > Ham Radio in Cybersecurity & Emergency Drills: > In simulations of cyberattacks on critical infrastructure, ham radio networks have proven to be reliable communication channels when conventional systems are compromised. > Government agencies conduct nationwide emergency drills with ham radio operators as key participants, highlighting their importance in disaster preparedness. > What You Can Do > 1. Submit Comments to the FCC (Deadline: April 11, 2025) > The FCC is accepting public input on potential deregulation. It’s critical that amateur operators and supporters submit comments to ensure our voice is heard. > How to Submit Comments: > Upload Document: Standard Filing <https://www.fcc.gov/ecfs/filings/standard?proceeding[name]=25-133> > Express Comment: Express Filing <https://www.fcc.gov/ecfs/filings/express?proceeding[name]=25-133> > Docket Number: GN Docket No. 25-133 > Sample Comments: Example 1 <https://hamadvocate.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/hamadvocate-draft-letter…> – Example 2 <https://hamadvocate.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/hamadvocate-draft-letter…> > 2. Contact Your Lawmakers > Inform your representatives that amateur radio must be protected. We’ll provide a template letter you can send. > 3. Sign the Petition > Help us gather public support by signing our petition. <https://chng.it/wXw48cW6YR> > Understanding the Policy Factors > When submitting comments, be sure to address the FCC’s review criteria: > Cost-benefit considerations: Amateur radio’s public service role far outweighs any perceived burden. > Implementation experience: Ham radio has consistently demonstrated its importance in emergencies. > Market & technology changes: Unlike commercial networks, ham radio operates independently and is irreplaceable. > Regulatory fairness: Amateur operators provide a unique service without profit motives. > > See HERE <https://www.arrl.org/news/view/fcc-initiates-broad-inquiry-on-rules-to-dele…> for a statement from the ARRL regarding this topic. > Join the Fight to Protect Amateur Radio > Stay informed, get involved, and help us ensure that the airwaves remain open for public use. Sign up for updates and take action today! > <https://hamadvocate.org/> > > > > -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- > Groups.io <http://groups.io/> Links: You receive all messages sent to this group. > View/Reply Online (#253): https://arrlsb.groups.io/g/main/message/253 > Mute This Topic: https://groups.io/mt/112174442/8078062 > -=-=- > Not for commercial use. Intended for fun, technical, event and activity discussions and announcement. > -=-=- > Group Owner: main+owner(a)arrlsb.groups.io <mailto:main+owner@arrlsb.groups.io> > Unsubscribe: https://arrlsb.groups.io/g/main/unsub [wwmyers(a)me.com <mailto:wwmyers@me.com>] > -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

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Fwd: ARRL Member Bulletin for March 21, 2025
by WARREN MYERS 06 Apr '25

06 Apr '25

> Begin forwarded message: > > From: "ARRL" <memberlist(a)arrl.org> > Subject: ARRL Member Bulletin for March 21, 2025 > Date: March 21, 2025 at 12:17:01 PM PDT > To: wwmyers(a)me.com > Reply-To: memberlist(a)arrl.org > > > > > March 21, 2025 > > > ARRL to Gather Comments from Members on FCC’s Public Notice > > Dear ARRL Member, > > On March 12, 2025, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued a Public Notice titled “In Re: Delete, Delete, Delete,” seeking input from the public on FCC rules that may be outdated, unnecessary, or in need of modification. This inquiry is part of the FCC's ongoing effort to alleviate regulatory burdens across various services, including the Amateur Radio Service. > > As part of this review, ARRL is conducting a thorough examination of the provisions in Part 97 and related rules that affect amateur radio operators. ARRL’s written comments, which will be prepared by our FCC Counsel and the ARRL Executive Committee, will include consideration of feedback we received from members. > > Members who want to share comments and concerns about this matter are urged to share your feedback directly with ARRL. Please submit your comments by March 31, 2025 and use the following feedback form: > > www.arrl.org/fcc-public-notice-march-2025 <https://arrl.informz.net/z/cjUucD9taT0zMjg3NzEyJnA9MSZ1PTU0NDE4MTY3OCZsaT0z…> > > ARRL will submit our official filing to the FCC by the April 11 deadline. After that, there will be an opportunity for reply comments at the FCC until April 28, and then later, opportunities for public comment on any rules the FCC proposes to delete or modify. > > While the FCC Public Notice is a broad inquiry that does not single out any specific radio service, ARRL is nonetheless committed to protecting the Amateur Radio Service, promoting its public interest goals, and ensuring your right to access radio spectrum. > > ARRL will continue to work on this matter, and we will inform members as more news develops. > > Thank you, > > 73 > > ARRL Executive Committee > > > Copyright © 2025 American Radio Relay League, Incorporated. Use and distribution of this publication, or any portion thereof, is permitted for non-commercial or educational purposes, with attribution. All other purposes require written permission. > > ARRL The National Association for Amateur Radio® > Unsubscribe <https://arrl.informz.net/z/cjUucD9taT0zMjg3NzEyJnA9MSZ1PTU0NDE4MTY3OCZsaT0z…> > >

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Re: New radio products for spring!
by Ken Alker 05 Apr '25

05 Apr '25

And these... : From: "Brian Milburn via SBARC-list" <sbarc-list(a)lists.netlojix.com> To: "Santa Barbara Amateur Radio Club Listserver" <sbarc-list(a)lists.netlojix.com> Cc: "SBARC Digital List" <digital(a)sbarc.org>, "Warren Myers" <bigwapiti(a)me.com>, "Brian Milburn" <brian(a)k6bpm.com> Sent: Tuesday, April 1, 2025 6:40:53 PM Subject: [Sbarc-list] Re: New radio products for spring! Then there’s this! — Brian - K6BPM On Apr 1, 2025, at 7:32 AM, Warren Myers via SBARC-list <sbarc-list(a)lists.netlojix.com> wrote: BQ_BEGIN [ https://zglivsmab.cc.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001cdERRT2SUehEeZAASsaQyRQU9NXTtrWB-M… ] Terrific new products for April you won't see anywhere else! [ https://zglivsmab.cc.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001cdERRT2SUehEeZAASsaQyRQU9NXTtrWB-M… ] From the makers of 'SWR Grease' and 'Coax Flavored Gummy Bears' comes: Bottle of Squelch * Premium squelch fluid, compatible with all radios! * Guaranteed to suppress signals. * Much better than factory squelch fluid. * Does not repel red ants; not legal in Alabama. [ https://zglivsmab.cc.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001cdERRT2SUehEeZAASsaQyRQU9NXTtrWB-M… ] Solar powered ground rod Got lousy ground? Having a hard time diverting lightning? Have we got the cure for you! * Constant 5V source will warm frozen ground, providing a solid connection to earth. * Unlike corded ground rods, these are much easier to use on portable operations. * Works on any ground rod, even our premium plastic rods! * Repels red ants. Artificial Ground Impossible to put in a ground rod due to concrete, pavement, or landscaping? Try our Artificial Ground! Just attach and place on any surface. * Filled with bentonite, copper sulfate, and other superconductors. * Comes with small ground rod and green ground wire for easy connection. * XYL approved. Not responsible for house fires. [ https://zglivsmab.cc.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001cdERRT2SUehEeZAASsaQyRQU9NXTtrWB-M… ] KF7P Metalwerks 801 810 8502 [ mailto:Chris@kf7p.com | Chris(a)kf7p.com ] [ https://zglivsmab.cc.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001cdERRT2SUehEeZAASsaQyRQU9NXTtrWB-M… | www.kf7p.com ] KF7P Metalwerks | 1745 S Milestone Dr Suite A2 | Salt Lake City, UT 84104 US [ https://visitor.constantcontact.com/do?p=un&m=001IM63U9cwXzYgBfGbuBDSog%3D&… | Unsubscribe ] | [ https://visitor.constantcontact.com/do?p=oo&m=001IM63U9cwXzYgBfGbuBDSog%3D&… | Update Profile ] | [ https://www.constantcontact.com/legal/customer-contact-data-notice | Constant Contact Data Notice ] _______________________________________________ SBARC-list mailing list -- sbarc-list(a)lists.netlojix.com To unsubscribe send an email to sbarc-list-leave(a)lists.netlojix.com BQ_END _______________________________________________ SBARC-list mailing list -- sbarc-list(a)lists.netlojix.com To unsubscribe send an email to sbarc-list-leave(a)lists.netlojix.com

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New radio products for spring!
by Warren Myers 01 Apr '25

01 Apr '25

> > <https://zglivsmab.cc.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001cdERRT2SUehEeZAASsaQyRQU9NXTtrWB-M…> > > Terrific new products for April > you won't see anywhere else! > > <https://zglivsmab.cc.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001cdERRT2SUehEeZAASsaQyRQU9NXTtrWB-M…> > From the makers of 'SWR Grease' and 'Coax Flavored Gummy Bears' comes: > Bottle of Squelch > > Premium squelch fluid, compatible with all radios! > Guaranteed to suppress signals. > Much better than factory squelch fluid. > Does not repel red ants; not legal in Alabama. > > > <https://zglivsmab.cc.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001cdERRT2SUehEeZAASsaQyRQU9NXTtrWB-M…> > Solar powered ground rod > Got lousy ground? Having a hard time diverting lightning? Have we got the cure for you! > > Constant 5V source will warm frozen ground, providing a solid connection to earth. > Unlike corded ground rods, these are much easier to use on portable operations. > Works on any ground rod, even our premium plastic rods! > Repels red ants. > > > > Artificial Ground > Impossible to put in a ground rod due to concrete, pavement, or landscaping? Try our Artificial Ground! Just attach and place on any surface. > > Filled with bentonite, copper sulfate, and other superconductors. > Comes with small ground rod and green ground wire for easy connection. > XYL approved. > > Not responsible for house fires. > > <https://zglivsmab.cc.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001cdERRT2SUehEeZAASsaQyRQU9NXTtrWB-M…> > > > > KF7P Metalwerks > 801 810 8502 > Chris(a)kf7p.com <mailto:Chris@kf7p.com> > www.kf7p.com <https://zglivsmab.cc.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001cdERRT2SUehEeZAASsaQyRQU9NXTtrWB-M…> > KF7P Metalwerks | 1745 S Milestone Dr Suite A2 | Salt Lake City, UT 84104 US > Unsubscribe <https://visitor.constantcontact.com/do?p=un&m=001IM63U9cwXzYgBfGbuBDSog%3D&…> | Update Profile <https://visitor.constantcontact.com/do?p=oo&m=001IM63U9cwXzYgBfGbuBDSog%3D&…> | Constant Contact Data Notice <https://www.constantcontact.com/legal/customer-contact-data-notice>

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Re: [Digital] DMR RadioID update - if your DMR RadioID starts with a 1 then read this
by Dave Schmidt 27 Mar '25

27 Mar '25

Sorry for never replying. I helped another ham get his Bridgecom setup configured and working over the weekend, which got me inspired to get my DMR going again. I had already changed my DMR ID from a 1xxxxx number to a 3xxxxxx number in Feb, but hadn't updated my OpenSpot or radios. Tried but then found out that Brandmeister purged my acct! I had to re-register, and confirm my license with RadioID. Right now Brandmeister is happy, my OpenSpot 1 is happy, just need to update my radios now. Dave AI6VX On Fri, Feb 14, 2025 at 1:54 PM Ken Alker via SBARC-list < sbarc-list(a)lists.netlojix.com> wrote: > Dave - did you test it first, and if so, were you having the same issue I > described? > > --On Friday, February 14, 2025 1:18 PM -0800 Dave Schmidt > <dgschmidt(a)gmail.com> wrote: > > > Thanks Ken, I just converted mine. > > > > > > Dave > > > > On Friday, February 14, 2025, Ken Alker <ka6ken(a)alker.net> wrote: > > > > I've been chasing my tail for a couple of days trying to figure out why I > > can key up DMR repeaters but my QSO is not broadcast to other repeaters; > > it only stays local. It appears that Brandmeister is no longer routing > > QSO's from 7-digital personal radio ID's starting with a "1" (and > > eventually 6-digit repeater Radios ID's starting with a "1", so be ware > > if you run a repeater)! They say it'll work until 1/1/26, but mine was > > NOT and changing my RadioID solved the problem. > > > > Note that this requires reprogramming of all your radios (and repeaters). > > > > Read following if you have a RadioID that starts with a "1" (note the Jan > > 28th update near bottom): > > > > < > https://news.brandmeister.network/important-message-for-brandmeister-usa > > -hams-using-a-radio-id-starting-with-1/> > > > > Ken > > ------------------------------ > > This email came from the SBARC Digital mailing list. To unsubscribe, > > send an email to: digital+unsubscribe(a)sbarc.org > > > > New members can subscribe by sending an email to: > > digital+subscribe(a)sbarc.org > > > > > > > > > _______________________________________________ > SBARC-list mailing list -- sbarc-list(a)lists.netlojix.com > To unsubscribe send an email to sbarc-list-leave(a)lists.netlojix.com >

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New Video: Vintage Radio Navigation Systems Still in Use Today
by Levi C. Maaia 21 Mar '25

21 Mar '25

Dear SBARC members, I wanted to share a new video I’ve just released that may be of interest to many of you, especially those curious about the intersection of radio and aviation technology. 📺 Watch the video here: https://youtu.be/BwHVqb2MRoM?si=VbctiwQvgfZLmwkg In this episode of Digital Voyage, we take a Cessna 182 up over Santa Barbara to explore how some of the earliest radio-based navigation systems—like VOR beacons—are still in use today. These systems, developed more than 80 years ago, continue to guide aircraft alongside modern GPS-based avionics. We also take a look at how pilots receive real-time traffic and weather information using ADS-B, a system that will be familiar to those of you with SDR or flight tracking setups at home. Topics covered include: – How VHF radio beacons still provide reliable navigation – The role of ADS-B in traffic awareness and public flight tracking – Integrating modern GPS with legacy autopilot systems – The shift from paper charts to tablets – What pilots do when GPS fails or is jammed If you’re interested in radio navigation systems, aviation, or just enjoy seeing vintage and modern tech work together, I hope you’ll take a look. Feel free to share with other hams and fellow tech enthusiasts. Always happy to talk more about the RF side of aviation. LCM Levi C. Maaia, K6LCM www.levimaaia.com

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Re: SBARC-list Digest, Vol 156, Issue 2
by theo howe 14 Mar '25

14 Mar '25

Thanks for that Bill! My question is the Hantavirus something common to California. I’m crawling in attics all the time. When was the last California infection? Theo > On Mar 7, 2025, at 7:57 PM, sbarc-list-request(a)lists.netlojix.com wrote: > > Send SBARC-list mailing list submissions to > sbarc-list(a)lists.netlojix.com > > To subscribe or unsubscribe via email, send a message with subject or > body 'help' to > sbarc-list-request(a)lists.netlojix.com > > You can reach the person managing the list at > sbarc-list-owner(a)lists.netlojix.com > > When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific > than "Re: Contents of SBARC-list digest..." > > Today's Topics: > > 1. Hantavirus (WILLIAM TALANIAN) > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > Message: 1 > Date: Sat, 8 Mar 2025 03:57:02 +0000 (UTC) > From: WILLIAM TALANIAN <w1uuq(a)cox.net> > Subject: [Sbarc-list] Hantavirus > To: Santa Barbara Amateur Radio Club Listserver > <sbarc-list(a)lists.netlojix.com> > Message-ID: <2030965690.1613872.1741406222844(a)mail.yahoo.com> > Content-Type: multipart/alternative; > boundary="----=_Part_1613871_40163655.1741406222842" > > Hantaviirus can kill > This week the news of Hollywood actor Gene Hackman and his wife Betsy Arakawa were found deceased in their Santa Fe, New Mexico home. Toxicology and medical examiners reports that Betsy died of the Hantavirus several days before while Hackman died of heart disease. Both deceased persons were found by workers. > Those who frequent our repeater sites are cautioned that the Hantavirus exists and may be fatal. The three sites most pronounced are Santa Ynez Peak, La Cumbre Cox Site, and Diablo Peak. The former SBARC La Vigia site was kept clean and all holes sealed. We have been careful not to overly stir up dust as the mentioned sites are the worse. Anyone with pulmonary issues should remain clear of the worst offending sites. > Bill Talanian >> From Wiki > Orthohantavirus is a genus of viruses that includes all hantaviruses (family Hantaviridae) that cause disease in humans. Orthohantaviruses, hereafter referred to as hantaviruses, are naturally found primarily in rodents. In general, each hantavirus is carried by one rodent species and each rodent that carries a hantavirus carries one hantavirus species. Hantaviruses in their natural reservoirs usually cause an asymptomatic, persistent infection. In humans, however, hantaviruses cause two diseases: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). HFRS is mainly caused by hantaviruses in Africa, Asia, and Europe, called Old World hantaviruses, and HPS is usually caused by hantaviruses in the Americas, called New World hantaviruses. > > Hantaviruses are transmitted mainly through aerosols and droplets that contain rodent excretions, as well as through contaminated food, bites, and scratches. Environmental factors such as rainfall, temperature, and humidity influence transmission. Human-to-human transmission does not occur. HFRS is marked by kidney disease with kidney swelling, excess protein in urine, and blood in urine. The case fatality rate of HFRS varies from less than 1% to 15% depending on the virus. A mild form of HFRS often called nephropathia epidemica is often caused by Puumala virus and Dobrava-Belgrade virus. For HPS, initial symptoms are flu-like, with fever, headache, and muscle pain, followed by sudden respiratory failure. HPS has a much higher case fatality rate than HFRS, at 30–60%. For both HFRS and HPS, illness is the result of increased vascular permeability, decreased platelet count, and overreaction of the immune system. > > Individual hantavirus particles (virions) are usually spherical and vary at 70–350 nanometers in diameter. They consist of the viral RNA, which is segmented into three parts and encased in helical nucleocapsids to form three ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. Attached to each RNP is a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). RNPs are surrounded by a lipid envelope that has spike proteins emanating from its surface. Each part of the viral genome is single-stranded negative-sense RNA. The segments encode one protein each: RdRp, which performs transcription and replication of the genome, a glycoprotein precursor, which is formed into surface spikes on the envelope, and the N protein, which binds to and protects viral RNA. Some hantaviruses encode on the same segment as the N protein a non-structural protein that inhibits host interferon production. > > Hantavirus replication begins by attaching to the surface of cells, usually vascular endothelial cells and macrophages. They then enter the cell and form vesicles to be transferred to endosomes and lysosomes. The viral envelope fuses with the membranes of endosomes and lysosomes, which empties the viral RNPs into the host cell's cytoplasm. RdRp then transcribes the viral genome to produce messenger RNA (mRNA) for translation by host ribosomes to produce viral proteins. RdRp also produces copies of the viral genome for progeny viruses. Old World hantavirus virions are constructed in the Golgi apparatus and obtain their envelope from the Golgi apparatus, before being transported to the cell membrane to leave the cell via exocytosis. New World hantavirus virions are constructed near the cell membrane, obtain their envelope from the cell membrane, and leave the cell by budding from its surface. > > Hantaviruses were first discovered following the Korean War. During the war, HFRS was a common ailment in soldiers stationed near the Hantan river. In 1978 in South Korea, the first hantavirus was isolated, Hantaan virus, and was shown to be responsible for the outbreak during the war. Within a few years, other hantaviruses that cause HFRS were discovered throughout Eurasia. In 1982, the World Health Organization gave HFRS its name, and in 1987, hantaviruses were classified for the first time, and they collectively bear the name of Hantaan virus and the Hantan river. In 1993, an outbreak of HPS occurred in the Four Corners region in the United States, which led to the discovery of pathogenic New World hantaviruses and the second disease caused by hantaviruses. Since then, hantaviruses have been found not just in rodents but also shrews and bats. > > > -------------- next part -------------- > A message part incompatible with plain text digests has been removed ... > Name: not available > Type: text/html > Size: 18933 bytes > Desc: not available > > ------------------------------ > > Subject: Digest Footer > > _______________________________________________ > SBARC-list mailing list -- sbarc-list(a)lists.netlojix.com > To unsubscribe send an email to sbarc-list-leave(a)lists.netlojix.com > > > ------------------------------ > > End of SBARC-list Digest, Vol 156, Issue 2 > ******************************************

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